肥料无机有机配施对稻茬小麦产量与肥料利用率的影响

为了解无机肥与有机肥配施对稻茬小麦产量与肥料利用率的影响,于2016-2017小麦生长季,在湖北省襄阳市通过田间试验,设置不施肥（CK）、传统测土配方施肥（T1）、90%的传统测土配方施肥量+有机肥（T2）和80%的传统测土配方施肥量+有机肥（T3）4个处理,探讨不同施肥模式下小麦产量、分蘖动态、肥料利用效率和经济效益的差异。结果表明,施肥处理的籽粒产量、穗数和穗粒数均显著高于CK,千粒重较高。T2处理的籽粒产量、穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均高于T1和T3处理。施肥处理间群体密度、有效分蘖数和分蘖成穗率均无显著差异。与CK相比,T1、T2和T3处理的有效分蘖数分别提高51.6%、55.9%和53.8%,分蘖成穗率分别降低11.4%、8.8%和14.7%。T3处理的化肥农学利用效率和偏生产力以及N、P、K肥偏生产力均显著高于T2处理,T1处理最低。T1处理的小麦产投比和净收益均高于其他处理,分别为3.9和5 464.5元·hm^-2。综合来看,在本试验条件下,T2处理是相对高产高效的处理。     

Changes in sorghum production,soil P forms and P use efficiency following long-term application of manure,compost and straw in a Ferric Lixisol

Low phosphorus availability in cultivated soils limits sustainable crop production in sub‐Saharan Africa. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of long‐term application of different types of organic amendments on soil P forms, P use efficiency and sorghum yields. A long term experiment established in 1980 at Saria in Burkina Faso, comparing the effects of manure, compost and sorghum straw was used. Manure and compost significantly increased organic P and resin‐P by about 35% and 64%, respectively after 10 and 32 years of sorghum cultivation, and HCl‐P after 32 years of cultivation compared to the control. Manure significantly increased NaHCO₃-Pi and NaOH-Pi by 63% and 26%, respectively compared to the control. Sorghum straw had little effect on measured soil P forms. Manure and compost were the best in increasing sorghum grain yield, which effect were strongly correlated to soil pH, carbon and nitrogen. The partial factors productivities of P resulting from the application of studied organic amendments were similar and low, but significantly higher than that of the control treatment. Organic amendments with high P content, maintaining soil carbon and pH could be used to improve soil P availability, sorghum yield and reduce the demand for mineral phosphorus fertilizers.     

川西贡嘎山不同森林生态系统土壤有机碳垂直分布与组成特征

通过野外采样与室内实验相结合的方法,对川西典型亚高山不同海拔处暗针叶林、针阔混交林和常绿-落叶阔叶林3种森林类型表层土壤总有机碳（SOC）和活性有机碳的含量特征进行分析,旨在为亚高山生态系统土壤碳循环研究提供理论和数据支撑。结果表明：3种森林类型土壤中总有机碳含量（SOC）在44.21～179.98g·kg-1,表层（0-15cm）SOC含量大小顺序为针阔混交林＞常绿-落叶阔叶林＞暗针叶林,0-5cm土层SOC含量与活性有机碳含量均高于5-15cm土层,说明土壤有机碳具有土壤表聚现象。3种森林类型间SOC密度差异不显著,但不同森林类型土壤SOC密度沿土层的分布具有差别：与常绿-落叶阔叶林和暗针叶林相比,针阔混交林5-15cm土层SOC密度较高。土壤溶解性有机碳（DOC）、轻组分有机碳（LFOC）和微生物（MBC）含量均以针阔混交林最高,但其相对于SOC的比例则以暗针叶林最高,说明高海拔生态系统土壤活性有机碳有更大的累积,同时也暗示在气候变化背景下,高海拔生态系统可能具有更大的CO2排放风险。     

大连湾海域水质状况及污染趋势分析

选用2011年大连湾附近海域的监测数据,分别采用不同的评价方法对大连湾海域的水质现状加以评价。并依据2007—2011年该海域连续五年的监测数据,对其污染趋势加以分析。结果表明:大连湾海域内主要污染物为无机氮,湾内各监测点均处于富营养化状态,受有机物污染严重。陆源排污是该海域受到严重污染的主要原因。五年来除无机磷外其余各因子均有不同程度的污染加重的趋势,其中以石油类的加重趋势最为显著。     

祁连山黑河上游不同退化草地有机碳和酶活性分布特征

为揭示草地退化过程中土壤有机碳和酶活性的分布特征及相关性,在祁连山黑河上游俄博岭区域的高山灌丛草甸土上,根据草地退化程度,划分了未退化草地、轻度退化草地、中度退化草地、重度退化草地,采用野外采样室内分析方法,研究了不同退化草地土壤有机碳和酶活性的分布特征。结果表明：4种退化草地0～60 cm土层有机碳的含量、密度、储量,以及土壤酶活性变化顺序为：未退化草地>轻度退化草地>中度退化草地>重度退化草地;4种退化草地（从轻到重）0～10 cm土层有机碳密度是50～60 cm土层有机碳密度的1.78倍、1.98倍、1.87倍和2.00倍,说明土壤有机碳密度在表层具有很强的表聚性;4种退化草地不同土层有机碳的含量、密度和储量,以及土壤酶活性均随着土壤剖面垂直深度的增加而递减;4种退化草地土壤有机碳含量与有机碳密度、土壤酶活性成显著正相关关系。     

施用豆科绿肥对酸性土壤有机磷组分的动态影响

为科学施用绿肥,改良酸性土壤,采用尼龙袋法研究了施用豆科绿肥尖叶木蓝(Indigofera zollingeriana)、铺地木蓝(Indigofera spicata)、扁豆(Lablab purpureus)与链荚豆(Alysicarpus vaginalis)后,酸性土壤有机磷在1年内的动态变化.结果表明:4种绿肥均可显著增加土壤有机磷的总量,但尖叶木蓝的效果最好,铺地木兰的最差.链荚豆对土壤活性有机磷的提升效果最好,铺地木蓝的效果最差;尖叶木蓝对中等活性有机磷的提升效果最好,铺地木蓝的效果最差;4种绿肥均可显著降低土壤中稳性有机磷的含量,以铺地木蓝的幅度最大,尖叶木蓝的次之,其余2种最小;对于高稳性有机磷,以尖叶木蓝处理的含量增加幅度最大,其余3种在不同施肥阶段表现各异.在施肥时间方面,以施肥30 d效果最为显著,随后因绿肥种类的不同而有所差异.     

Development of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for analysis of organic N monomers in soil

The aim of this study was to develop an analytical procedure based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) for analysis of monomeric organic N compounds in soil extracts. To benchmark the developed LC–MS method it was compared with a capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry (CE–MS) method recently used for analysis of small organic N monomers in soil. The separation was optimized and analytical performance assessed with 69 purified standards, then the LC–MS method was used to analyse soil extracts. Sixty-two out of 69 standards were analysable by LC–MS with separation on a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. The seven compounds that could not be analysed were strongly cationic polyamines. Limits of detection for a 5 μL injection ranged between 0.002 and 0.38 μmol L⁻¹, with the majority (49 out of 62) having limits of detection better than 0.05 μmol L⁻¹. The overall profile and concentration of small organic N monomers in soil extracts was broadly similar between LC–MS and CE–MS, with the notable exception of four ureides that were detected by LC–MS only. In soil extracts that had been concentrated ten-fold the detection and quantification of (some) organic N compounds was compromised by the presence of large amounts of inorganic salts. The developed LC–MS method offered advantages and disadvantages relative to CE–MS, and a combination of the two methods would achieve the broadest possible coverage of organic N in soil extracts.     

Optimal Conditions to Remove Chemical Hazards in Fish Protein Isolates from Tilapia Frame Using Response Surface Methodology

Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to maximize the removal of phospholipids (PLs) and other chemical hazards in tilapia protein isolates made from tilapia frame (TF). CaCl₂ and the ratio of water to minced tilapia frame (W:TF) were the significant variables affecting PLs reduction. The optimum condition for maximal PLs reduction (90.0%) was: 10.25 mM CaCl₂ and a W:TF of 7.8:1, while other variables were fixed at 5 mM citric acid, 60 min incubation, pH 11, and centrifugal speed of 8,000 × g. At these conditions, the great reduction of lipids (93.9%), Hg (97.6%), and As (95.5%), as well as 86.1% of protein recovery, were obtained. Protein isolates with significantly reduced chemical hazards and lipids were successfully prepared from tilapia frames using the alkaline extraction assisted with CaCl₂ and citric acid.     

基于单螺杆膨胀机的发动机排气余热回收系统

针对发动机排气余热的特点,设计了有机朗肯循环(ORC)排气余热回收系统,采用单螺杆膨胀机作为动力输出装置,采用R245fa作为工质,提出了发动机排气余热利用率的概念和计算方法。结合发动机的试验数据,分析了ORC工质蒸发压力和发动机转速对ORC系统性能的影响,确定了适用于ORC系统的工质蒸发压力的最佳值。研究结果表明,当工质蒸发压力为3.0 MPa时,ORC系统能够在发动机全转速范围内正常工作,并且ORC系统的净输出功率最高可达12.1 kW,热力学第一定律效率最高可达11.27%,热力学第二定律效率最高可达25.8%,发动机排气余热利用率最高可达8.9%,发动机排气余热回收效果明显。     

山东省有机肥产业化对策研究

对山东省17地市的有机肥产业化调查,发现山东省有机肥生产企业数量多、分布范围广,有机肥产品种类多,部分地区具有地域优势,个别企业产业链布局合理、规划长远。山东省有机肥产业前景广阔,政策、资源等优势明显,部分地区产业化初具规模,全省有机肥产业配套齐全,但同时仍存在地域发展失衡等问题。预计未来山东省产业化发展中,污泥处理将是新亮点,工业废弃物处理潜力巨大,全省有机肥产业化装备技术将实现新突破。